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In this method, freshly-spin-coated perovskite films are exposed to near-IR radiation (700-2,500 nm, peaking at 1,073 nm). Alternative manufacturing methods must, therefore, be found to commercialize this technology 3, 13, 14.įlash infrared annealing, first reported in 2015 11, is a low-cost, environmentally friendly and rapid method for the synthesis of compact and defect-tolerant perovskite and metal oxide thin films that eliminates the need for an antisolvent and is compatible with flexible substrates. Additionally, the perovskite layer requires annealing at >100 ☌ for up to 120 min while the mesoporous-TiO 2 electron transporting layer requires sintering at 450 ☌ for at least 30 min, which not only leads to a large electronic cost and a potential bottleneck in the eventual upscaling of PSCs, but is also incompatible with flexible substrates which typically cannot sustain heating at ≥250 ☌ 10, 11, 12. This method requires moderate amounts of organic solvent (~100 µL per 2 x 2 cm substrate) that is typically not reclaimed, is difficult to apply on large-area substrates and is not always reproducible. The majority of the current processing methods for PSCs involve deposition of the perovskite precursor solution, addition of an antisolvent (AS) such as chlorobenzene to induce nucleation and finally thermal annealing to evaporate the solvent and promote crystallization of the perovskite in the desired morphology 6, 7, 8, 9.
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In the past decade, the PCE of flexible PSCs has improved significantly from 2.62% to 19.1% 5. Recently, there has also been interest in the development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) on flexible substrates such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as they are lightweight, cheap, applicable to roll-to-roll manufacturing and can be used to power flexible electronics 3, 4. Since their inception in 2009, solar cells based on lead halide perovskites have demonstrated unprecedented growth, with power conversion efficiencies (PCE) increasing from 3.8% 1 to 25.2% 2 in just over a decade of development. FIRA has a unique potential for the industry because it can be adapted to continuous processing, is antisolvent-free, and does not require lengthy, hour-long annealing steps. The FIRA method allows the synthesis of perovskite films in less than 2 s, achieving efficiencies >20%. A hollow aluminum body enables an effective water-cooling system. The FIRA oven is composed of an array of near-infrared halogen lamps with an illumination power of 3,000 kW/m 2. To solve this problem, an antisolvent-free and rapid thermal annealing process called flash infrared annealing (FIRA) can be used to produce highly crystalline perovskite films. Indeed, one of the conventional and most effective lab-scale methods to induce perovskite crystallization, the antisolvent method, requires an amount of toxic solvent that is difficult to apply on larger surfaces. Currently, perovskite solar cells rely on spin-coating which is neither practical for large areas nor environmentally friendly. This facile process can greatly reduce the cost, time and bypass post-annealing to fabricate high-efficiency large-area perovskite solar cells in ambient air.Organic–inorganic perovskites have an impressive potential for the design of next generation solar cells and are currently considered for upscaling and commercialization. A power conversion efficiency of ≈11% is achieved when this all slot-die coated film is used to fabricate device. Moreover, the all slot-die coating process is demonstrated to prepare over an area of 12 cm × 12 cm, four layers of uniform film overlay on top of each other for the devices except electrode in ambient air. High-quality uniform perovskite film can be prepared within 18 s. The composition of the perovskite precursor solution is tuned by adding n-butanol, with its low boiling point and low surface tension, to increase the near-infrared energy absorption, facilitate the evaporation of the solvent system and film formation, and accelerate the crystallization of perovskite. In this work, the slot-die coating process is combined with near-infrared irradiation heating to quickly manufacture perovskite solar cells in air. Currently, high-efficiency perovskite solar cells are mainly fabricated by the spin-coating process, which limits the possibility of commercial mass-production of perovskite solar cells.